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' '| Welcome to the Helix tutorial! Press the j key until you reach the introduction. ================================================================= = INTRODUCTION = ================================================================= Welcome to the Helix editor! Helix is different from editors you might be used to in that it is modal, meaning that it has different modes for editing text. The primary modes you will use are Normal mode and Insert mode. While in Normal mode, the keys you type won't actually type text. Instead, they will perform various actions with the text. This allows for more efficient editing. This tutor will teach you how you can make use of Helix's modal editing features. To begin, ensure your CapsLock key is not pressed and hold the j key until you reach the first lesson. ================================================================= = 1.1 BASIC CURSOR MOVEMENT = ================================================================= ↑ k * h is on the left ← h l → * l is on the right j * j looks like a down arrow ↓ The cursor can be moved using the h, j, k, l keys, as shown above. The cursor / arrow keys will also work, but it is faster to use the hjkl keys as they are closer to the other keys you will be using. Try moving around to get a feel for hjkl. Once you're ready, hold j to continue to the next lesson. ================================================================= = 1.2 EXITING HELIX = ================================================================= 1. Type : to enter Command mode. Your cursor will move to the bottom of the screen. 2. Type q or quit and press Enter to exit Helix. Note: The quit command will fail if there are unsaved changes. To force quit and DISCARD these changes, type q! or quit!. You will learn how to save files later. To exit Command mode without entering a command, press Escape. Now, move on to the next lesson. ================================================================= = 1.3 DELETION = ================================================================= Type the d key to delete the character under the cursor. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move the cursor to each extra character, and type d to delete it. --> Thhiss senttencee haass exxtra charracterss. This sentence has extra characters. Once the sentence is correct, move on to the next lesson. ================================================================= = 1.4 INSERT MODE = ================================================================= Type the i key to enter Insert mode. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move to a place in the line which is missing text and type i to enter Insert mode. Keys you type will now type text. 3. Enter the missing text. 4. Press Escape to exit Insert mode and return to Normal mode. 5. Repeat until the line matches the line below it. --> Th stce misg so. This sentence is missing some text. Note: The status bar will display your current mode. Notice that when you type i, 'NOR' changes to 'INS'. ================================================================= = 1.5 SAVING A FILE = ================================================================= Type :w / :write to save a file. 1. Exit Helix using :q! as explained before, or open a new terminal. 2. Open a file in Helix by running: hx FILENAME 3. Make some edits to the file. 4. Type : to enter Command mode. 5. Type w or write, and press Enter to save the file. You can also type wq or write-quit to save and exit. Note: You can optionally enter a file path after the w / write command in order to save to that path. Note: If there are any unsaved changes to a file, a plus [+] will appear next to the file name in the status bar. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 1 RECAP = ================================================================= * Use the h,j,k,l keys to move the cursor. * Type : to enter Command mode. * The q / quit and q! / quit! commands will exit Helix. The former fails when there are unsaved changes. The latter discards them. * The w / write command will save the file. * The wq / write-quit command will do both. * Type d to delete the character at the cursor. * Type i to enter Insert mode and type text. Press Escape to return to Normal mode. ================================================================= = 2.1 MORE INSERT COMMANDS = ================================================================= As you saw, you can type i to enter Insert mode at the current position of the cursor. There are a few other ways you can enter Insert mode at different locations. Common examples of insertion commands include: i - Insert before the selection. a - Insert after the selection. (a means 'append') I - Insert at the start of the line. A - Insert at the end of the line. 1. Move to anywhere in the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type A (Shift-a), your cursor will move to the end of the line and you will be able to type. 3. Type the text necessary to match the line below. --> This sentence is miss This sentence is missing some text. ================================================================= = 2.2 OPENING LINES = ================================================================= Type o to add a newline and insert below the cursor. Type O to add a newline and insert above the cursor. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type o to open a line below and type your answer. --> What is the best editor? ================================================================= = CHAPTER 2 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type a to append to the selection. * Type I to enter Insert mode at the first non-whitespace character at the start of a line. * Type A to enter Insert mode at the end of a line. * Use o and O to open lines below and above the cursor respectively. ================================================================= = 3.1 MOTIONS AND SELECTIONS = ================================================================= Type w to select forward until the next word. The d key doesn't actually delete the character at the cursor, it deletes all selected text. Your cursor is like a single-character selection. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move to the beginning of a word that needs to be deleted. 3. Type w to select until the beginning of the next word. 4. Type d to delete the selection. 5. Repeat for all extra words in the line. --> This sentence pencil has vacuum extra words in the it. This sentence has extra words in it. ================================================================= = 3.2 MORE MOTIONS = ================================================================= As you saw, typing w moves the cursor forward until the start of the next word, selecting the text traversed. This is useful for moving around text and for selecting text to operate on. Some common motions include: w - Move forward to before the beginning of the next word. e - Move forward to the end of the current word. b - Move backward to the beginning of the current word. To select the word under cursor, combine e and b. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move to a 'd' letter. 3. Type e to select a half of the word. 4. Type b to select the rest. --> The Middle Kingdom. ================================================================= = 3.3 WORDS AND words = ================================================================= The w,e,b motions also have counterparts - W,E,B - which traverse WORDS instead of words. WORDS are only separated by whitespace, whereas words can be separated by other characters in addition to whitespace. 1. Move the cursor to the beginning of the line marked with '-->'. 2. Type w repeatedly to select individual words until you reach the end of the line. 3. Note that 'one-of-a-kind' required 7 keystrokes to be traversed. '"modal"' required 3 keystrokes. 4. Move the cursor back to beginning of the line marked '-->'. 5. Type W repeatedly to select individual WORDS. 6. Note that 'one-of-a-kind' and '"modal"' have been selected both with one keystroke each. --> Helix is a one-of-a-kind "modal" text editor ================================================================= = 3.4 THE CHANGE COMMAND = ================================================================= Type c to change the current selection. The change command deletes the current selection and enters Insert mode, so it is a very common shorthand for di. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move to the start of an incorrect word and type e to select it. 3. Type c to delete the word and enter Insert mode. 4. Type the correct word. 5. Repeat until the line matches the line below it. --> This paper has heavy words behind it. This sentence has incorrect words in it. ================================================================= = 3.5 COUNTS WITH MOTIONS = ================================================================= Type a number before a motion to repeat it that many times. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type 2w to move 2 words forward. 3. Type 3e to move to the end of the third word forward. 4. Type 2b to move 2 words backwards. 5. Try the above with different numbers. --> This is just a line with words you can move around in. ================================================================= = 3.6 SELECT / EXTEND MODE = ================================================================= Type v to enter Select mode. Type v again or Escape to return to Normal mode In Select mode every movement will extend the selection, as opposed to replacing it. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move to the F of FOO and type v2w to select the two words. 3. Type d to remove the two words. Notice d returns you to Normal mode. 4. Move to the B of BAZ and repeat the sequence to delete them. --> Remove the FOO BAR distracting words BAZ BIZ from this line. ================================================================= = 3.7 SELECTING LINES = ================================================================= Type x to select a whole line. Type x again to select the next. 1. Move the cursor to the second line marked '-->' below. 2. Type x to select the line, and d to delete it. 3. Move to the fourth line. 4. Type x twice or type 2x to select 2 lines, and d to delete. --> 1) Roses are red, --> 2) Mud is fun, --> 3) Violets are blue, --> 4) I have a car, --> 5) Clocks tell time, --> 6) Sugar is sweet, --> 7) And so are you. Note: X works similarly to x although it doesn't extend to subsequent lines. X on an empty line does nothing. ================================================================= = 3.8 COLLAPSING SELECTIONS = ================================================================= Type ; to collapse selections to single cursors. Sometimes, you want to deselect without having to move the cursor(s). This can be done using the ; key. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Use the motions you have learned to move around the line, and try using ; to deselect the text after it is selected by the motions. --> This is an error-free line with words to move around in. Note: This works the same in Select mode. Note: Another related command is Alt-; which flips the direction of the selection (flips the selection's cursor and anchor). ================================================================= = CHAPTER 3 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type w to select forward until the next word. * Type e to select to the end of the current word. * Type b to select backward to the start of the current word. * Use uppercase counterparts, W,E,B, to traverse WORDS. * Type d to delete the entire selection. * Type c to delete the selection and enter Insert mode. * Type a number before a motion to repeat it that many times. * Type v to enter Select mode, where all motions extend the selection. * Type x to select the entire current line. Type x again to select the next line. * Type semicolon ( ; ) to collapse selection. ================================================================= = 4.1 UNDOING = ================================================================= Type u to undo. Type U to redo. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move to the first error, and type d to delete it. 3. Type u to undo your deletion. 4. Fix all the errors on the line. 5. Type u several times to undo your fixes. 6. Type U (Shift-u) several times to redo your fixes. --> Fiix the errors on thhis line and reeplace them witth undo. ================================================================= = 4.2 COPYING AND PASTING TEXT = ================================================================= Type y to yank (copy) the selection. Type p to paste the yanked selection after the cursor. Type P to paste the yanked text before the cursor. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. Make sure your cursor is on the "b" of banana. 2. Type w to select "banana" and y to yank it. 3. Move to the space between "2" and "3" and type p to paste. 4. Repeat between "3" and "4". --> 1 banana 2 3 4 1 banana 2 banana 3 banana 4 Note: Whenever you delete or change text, Helix will copy the altered text. Use Alt-d / Alt-c instead to avoid this. Note: Helix doesn't share the system clipboard by default. Type Space + y / p to yank / paste on the system's clipboard. ================================================================= = 4.3 SEARCHING IN FILE = ================================================================= Type / to search forward in file, Enter to confirm search. Type n to go to the next search match. Type N to go to the previous search match. 1. Type / and type in a common word, like 'banana'. 2. Press Enter to confirm the search. 3. Use n and N to cycle through the matches. Searching uses regular expressions, allowing you to target more complex expressions, which you'll learn about in the lesson on the select command. Note: To search backwards, type ? (Shift-/). Note: Unlike Vim, ? doesn't change the search direction. N always goes backwards and n always goes forwards. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 4 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type u to undo. Type U to redo. * Type y to yank (copy) text and p to paste. * Use Space + y and Space + p to yank / paste on the system clipboard. * Type / to search forward in file, and ? to search backwards. * Use n and N to cycle through search matches. ================================================================= = 5.1 MULTIPLE CURSORS = ================================================================= Type C to duplicate the cursor to the next suitable line. 1. Move the cursor to the first line marked '-->' below. Place the cursor somewhere past the '-->'. 2. Type C to duplicate the cursor to the next suitable line. Notice how it skips the line in the middle. Keys you type will now affect both cursors. 3. Use Insert mode to correct the lines. The two cursors will fix both lines simultaneously. 4. Type , to remove the first cursor. --> Fix th two nes at same ime. --> --> Fix th two nes at same ime. Fix these two lines at the same time. Note: Press Alt-C to do the same above the cursor. ================================================================= = 5.2 THE SELECT COMMAND = ================================================================= Type s to select matches in the selection. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type x to select the line. 3. Type s. A prompt will appear. 4. Type 'apples' and press Enter. Both occurrences of 'apples' in the line will be selected. 5. You can now type c and change 'apples' to something else, like 'oranges'. 6. Press Escape to exit Insert mode. 7. Type , to remove the second cursor. --> I like to eat apples since my favorite fruit is apples. I like to eat oranges since my favorite fruit is oranges. ================================================================= = 5.3 SELECTING VIA REGEX = ================================================================= Like searching, the select command selects regular expressions, not just exact matches. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Select the line with x and then type s. 3. Type ' +' to select any amount of consecutive spaces >1, then press Enter. 4. Type c and change the matches to single spaces. --> This sentence has some extra spaces. This sentence has some extra spaces. Note: If you want to perform find-and-replace, the select command is the way to do it. Select the text you want to replace in — type % to select the whole file — and then perform the steps explained above. ================================================================= = 5.4 ALIGN SELECTIONS = ================================================================= Type & to align the contents of the selections. 1. Move the cursor to the first line marked '-->' below. Place the cursor on the whitespace just after the arrow. 2. Type C four times or 4C. 3. Type W to select the numbers and brackets. 4. Type & to align the words. --> 97) lorem --> 98) ipsum --> 99) dolor --> 100) sit --> 101) amet Note: & only cares about the alignment of the "head" of the selections - the end that moves. The other end is called the "anchor". ================================================================= = 5.5 SPLIT SELECTION INTO LINES = ================================================================= Press Alt-s to split the selection(s) on newlines. 1. Move the cursor to the first row of the table below. 2. Select the entire table with 6x. 3. Press Alt-s to split into selections at each line. 4. Align the table with &. | FRUIT | AMOUNT | |---------|--------| | Apples | 8 | | Bananas | 6 | | Oranges | 3 | | Donuts | 4 | ================================================================= = CHAPTER 5 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type C to duplicate the cursor to the next suitable line and Alt-C for previous suitable line. * Type s to select all instances of a regex pattern inside the current selection. * Type & to align selections. * Press Alt-s to split the selection into lines. ================================================================= = 6.1 SELECTING TO A CHARACTER = ================================================================= Type f<ch> to select up to and including (find) a character. Type t<ch> to do the same, but not including (till) a character. Type uppercase F / T to do the same backwards. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. Place the cursor on the first dash. 2. Type f[ to select to the square bracket. 3. Type d to delete your selection. 4. Go to the end of the line and repeat with F]. 5. Move to the second line marked '-->', just after the arrow. 6. Use t and T to delete the dashes around the sentence. --> -----[Free this sentence of its brackets!]----- --> ------Free this sentence of its dashes!------ Note: Unlike Vim, Helix doesn't limit these commands to the current line. It searches for the character in the file. ================================================================= = 6.2 THE REPLACE COMMAND = ================================================================= Type r<ch> to replace all selected characters with <ch>. 1. Move to the second line of the table, place the cursor on the first =. 2. Type t| (Shift-\) to select the = separator. 3. Type r- to replace the separator with dashes. | Month | Days | |=======|------| | Jan | 31 | | Feb | 28 | | Mar | 31 | | ... | ... | ================================================================= = 6.3 REPETITION = ================================================================= Type . to repeat the last insert command. Press Alt-. to repeat the last f / t selection. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Make a change, insertion or appendage and repeat it with . . 3. Try using Alt-. with f and t, to select multiple sentences for instance. --> This is some text for you to repeat things. You can repeat insertions like changing words, or repeat selections like f / t. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 6 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type f / F to extend selection up to & including a character. * Type t / T to extend selection until a character. * Type r to replace selected characters. * Type . to repeat the last insertion. * Press Alt-. to repeat the last f / t selection. ================================================================= = 7.1 REPLACE WITH YANKED TEXT = ================================================================= Type R to replace the selection with previously yanked text. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type w to select "watermelons" and then y to yank it. 3. Select "oranges" with w. 4. Type R to replace "oranges" with "watermelons". --> I like watermelons because oranges are refreshing. I like watermelons because watermelons are refreshing. ================================================================= = 7.2 JOINING LINES = ================================================================= Type J to join together lines in selection. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type x four times or 4x to select all four lines. 3. Type J to join the lines together. --> This sentence is spilling over onto other lines. This sentence is spilling over onto other lines. ================================================================= = 7.3 INDENTING LINES = ================================================================= Type > to indent a line and < to unindent it. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Move down to the second line and type > to indent it. 3. Move to the third line and type < to unindent it. --> These lines are indented very poorly. These lines are indented much better. ================================================================= = 7.4 INCREMENTING AND DECREMENTING = ================================================================= Press Ctrl-a to increment the number under selection. Press Ctrl-x to decrement the number under selection. 1. Move the cursor to the third line marked '-->' below. 2. Press Ctrl-a to increment the second point marked 2. 3. Repeat for the point marked 3. 4. Move to the last point and press Ctrl-x to decrement the 6. --> 1) First point. --> 2) Added point. --> 2) Next point. --> 3) Another point. --> 6) Last point. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 7 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type R to replace the selection with yanked text. * Type J to join lines in selection. * Type > and < to indent / unindent lines. * Press Ctrl-a to increment the selected number. * Press Ctrl-x to decrement the selected number. ================================================================= = 8.1 REGISTERS = ================================================================= Registers are containers identified by a character for storing things like yanked text. Registers are also used to store the most recent search term as well as macros, which you'll learn about in the next section. Type "<ch> to select register <ch>. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Type w to select "watermelons" and yank with y. 3. Type w to select "bananas". 4. Change to register b with "b and yank with y. 5. Select "mangoes" and type R to replace it with "watermelons". 6. Select "pineapples" then type "b R to replace with "bananas". --> I like watermelons and bananas because my favorite fruits are mangoes and pineapples. ================================================================= = 8.2 MACROS = ================================================================= Macros are a way to record a set of actions you want to repeat. You can also record macros to a specific register (default @). Type Q to start recording a macro - you should see a popup at the bottom of your screen. Type Q again to stop recording. Type q to repeat the macro from register @ (the default). 1. Move the cursor to the first line marked '-->' below. Ensure your cursor is on the '>' of the arrow. 2. Type Q to start recording. 3. Edit the line to look like the bottom one. 4. Exit insert and type Q again to stop recording. 5. Move to the line below and put your cursor on '>' again. 6. Type q to repeat the macro. --> ... sentence doesn't have its first and last ... . --> ... sentence doesn't have its first and last ... . This sentence doesn't have its first and last word. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 8 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type " to select a different register. * Type Q to start and stop recording a macro to a register, the default being @. * Type q to replay a macro from @ or the selected register. ================================================================= = 9.1 SEARCHING FOR SELECTIONS = ================================================================= The most recent search with / is stored in register /. n and N both refer to register /, this means we can set that register without having to type in a search. Type * to copy the selection into register /, setting the search term to the selection. This copies the primary selection, which you will learn about in the section on cycling selections. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Select "horse" with e and type *. 3. Use n and N to jump between the instances of "horse". --> A horse is a horse, of course, of course, --> And no one can talk to a horse of course. Note: * is like a shorthand for "/y as all it really does is copy the selection into the / register. ================================================================= = 9.2 ADDING SELECTION ON NEXT SEARCH MATCH = ================================================================= A property of Select mode (v) when using n and N is that instead of moving the selection to the next match, it adds a new selection on each match. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Select the first "bat" and type * to set it to search. 3. Type v to enter Select mode. 4. Type n to select the other "bat". 5. Use c (or r after selecting the "b"s) to change the "bat"s to "cat". --> Everybody wants to be a bat, --> because a cat's the only bat --> who knows where it's at. ================================================================= = 9.3 USING THE JUMPLIST = ================================================================= Helix can keep track of "jumps" which are big movements, like searching or jumping to the definition of a function in code. It stores these in what's called the jumplist. Press Ctrl-s to manually save your current position to the jumplist. Press Ctrl-i ("in") and Ctrl-o ("out") to move forward and backwards in the jumplist respectively. 1. Press Ctrl-s somewhere. 2. Move far away in the file. 3. Press Ctrl-o (just once!) to come back to where you saved. ================================================================= = 9.4 JUMP WITH TWO-CHARACTER LABELS = ================================================================= Type gw to enable the 2-character labels. The start of each word will be replaced by 2 highlighted characters. Type any sequence of 2 highlighted characters to jump to the corresponding label, or use ESC to drop the labels. The 2-character labels allow you to quickly jump to any location in the viewable selection. 1. Move the cursor to the start of the line marked '-->' below. 2. Press gw to enable the 2-character labels, and then the two characters that replace the two letters 'he' at the start of 'here' to jump to the corresponding word. --> This is just a simple line of text. There may be many such lines But you really want to jump here! This is fast with the 2-character labels. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 9 RECAP = ================================================================= * Type * to set the search register to the primary selection. * Type n / N in Select mode to add selections on each search match. * Press Ctrl-s to save position to the jumplist. * Press Ctrl-i and Ctrl-o to go forward and backward in the jumplist. * Type gw to enable 2-character labels, and any 2 characters to jump to the corresponding label, or ESC to drop the labels. ================================================================= = 10.1 CYCLING AND REMOVING SELECTIONS = ================================================================= Type ) and ( to cycle the primary selection forward and backward through selections respectively. Press Alt-, to remove the primary selection. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Select both lines with xx or 2x. 3. Type s to select, type "would" and enter. 4. Use ( and ) to cycle the primary selection and deselect the second "would" with Alt-, . 5. Type c "wood" to change the remaining "would"s to "wood". --> How much would would a wouldchuck chuck --> if a wouldchuck could chuck would? ================================================================= = 10.2 CYCLING THE CONTENT OF SELECTIONS = ================================================================= Press Alt-) and Alt-( to cycle the content of the selections forward and backward respectively. 1. Move the cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Select both lines with xx or 2x. 3. Type s to select, type "through|water|know" and enter. 4. Use Alt-( and Alt-) to cycle the content of the selections. --> Jumping through the water, --> daring to know. ================================================================= = 10.3 CHANGING CASE = ================================================================= Type ~ to switch the case of all selected letters. Type ` to set all selected letters to lowercase. Press Alt-` to set all selected letters to uppercase. 1. Move the cursor to the first line marked '-->' below. 2. Select each wrongly capitalised or lowercase letter and type ~ over them. 3. Move to the second line marked '-->'. 4. Type x to select the line. 5. Type ` to change the line to lowercase. 6. Move to the third line marked '-->'. 7. Type x to select the line. 8. Press Alt-` to change the line to uppercase. --> thIs sENtencE hAs MIS-cApitalIsed leTTerS. --> this SENTENCE SHOULD all be in LOWERCASE. --> THIS sentence should ALL BE IN uppercase! ================================================================= = 10.4 SPLITTING SELECTIONS = ================================================================= Type S to split each selection on a regex pattern. 1. Move the cursor to the line under ---. 2. Type xx / 2x to select the lines. 3. Type S then \. |! Enter (note the spaces after . and !). This effectively splits the selection into sentences at each dot or exclamation mark. 4. Press Alt-; to reverse the selections. 5. Type ; to reduce selections to a single character - the first letter of each sentence. 6. Press Alt-` to convert all selected letters to uppercase. --- these are sentences. some sentences don't start with uppercase letters! that is not good grammar. you can fix this. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 10 RECAP = ================================================================= * Use ) and ( to cycle the primary selection back and forward through selections respectively. * Press Alt-, to remove the primary selection. * Press Alt-) and Alt-( to cycle the content of the selections. * Type ~ to alternate case of selected letters. * Use ` and Alt-` to set the case of selected letters to lower and upper respectively. * Type S to split selections on regex. ================================================================= = 11.1 COMMENTING A LINE = ================================================================= Press Ctrl-c to comment the line under your cursor. To uncomment the line, press Ctrl-c again. 1. Move your cursor to the line marked '-->' below. 2. Now comment the line marked with '-->'. 3. Now try uncommenting the line. --> Comment me please ================================================================= = 11.2 COMMENTING MULTIPLE LINES = ================================================================= Using the selections and multi-cursor functionality, you can comment multiple lines as long as they are under the selection or cursors. To uncomment the lines, press Ctrl-c again. 1. Move your cursor to the line marked with '-->' below. 2. Now try to select or add more cursors to the other lines marked with '-->'. 3. Comment those lines. 4. Uncomment those lines. --> What are you doing?! --> Stop commenting me! --> AAAAaargh!!! --> Enough! Uncomment me now! Note: If there are only some commented lines under selections or multiple cursors, they won't be uncommented but commented again. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 11 RECAP = ================================================================= * Use Ctrl-c to comment a line under your cursor. Press Ctrl-c again to uncomment. * To comment multiple lines, use the selections or multi-cursors before typing Ctrl-c. Press Ctrl-c again to uncomment. ================================================================= = 12.1 USING MATCH MODE JUMP = ================================================================= To switch to match mode from normal mode, type m. This feature is particularly useful for handling bracket pairs and their contents. There are several actions that can be performed in match mode, as indicated by the help pop-up. To jump to a matching bracket pair, simply press mm. For example on the lines below (starting with -->), move the cursor in normal mode to (, and then press mm to jump to the matching ). You can do the same on the line below: for example move to ], and press mm to jump to [ . --> you can (jump between matching parentheses) --> or between matching [ square brackets ] --> now { you know the drill: this works with brackets too } ================================================================= = 12.2 USING MATCH MODE SELECT INSIDE = ================================================================= Match mode also lets you select the "inside" content between a pair of brackets or other delimiters. In the lines below: - move to the --> line, put your cursor in normal mode at any location between the parentheses, for example at 'x', and press mi( or mi) to select the whole content inside the parentheses (parentheses excluded). As usual, you can then do anything you want with the selection (for example, press c to change it) --> outside and (inside x parentheses) - and outside again Test below that you can do the same with [], or {}, or with nested combinations of these (this will act on the immediately surrounding matching pair). This also works with "" and similar --> test [ with square brackets ] ! --> try ( with nested [ pairs of ( parentheses) and "brackets" ]) ================================================================= = 12.3 USING MATCH MODE SELECT AROUND = ================================================================= You can also select the "around" content, i.e. both the inside content and the delimiters themselves, by using the ma select. For example, move to the line under, move your cursor in normal mode to any position between the (), and select the content of the (), including the surrounding (), by typing ma( or ma). As usual, you can do anything you want with the selection, for example delete it all with ma(d . --> you ( select x around ) to include delimiters in the select This naturally works with other delimiters too: --> try [ with 'square' brackets ] too! ================================================================= = 12.4 USING MATCH MODE SURROUND = ================================================================= The match mode can also be used to add surrounding around the current selection. For example, move to the line below, then: * i) select the "select all of this" line segment (for example, move in normal mode the cursor to the start of select, then enter selection mode with v , then select the 4 next words with 4e ), * ii) press ms( or ms) to surround the selection with a pair of parentheses. --> so, select all of this, and surround it with () You can do the same with other delimiters: for example, ms' on WORD below to surround it with a pair of ''. You can try also with adding a surrounding pair of "", or {}, or []. --> surround this WORD ! ================================================================= = 12.5 USING MATCH MODE DELETE SURROUND = ================================================================= You can delete surrounding pair of delimiters with the md command. On the line below, move the cursor anywhere within the pair of (), for example to the 'x', then from there, in normal mode, press md( or md) to delete the surrounding pair of parentheses. --> delete (the x pair of parentheses) from within! You can naturally delete other kinds of surroundings: --> delete (nested [delimiters]): "this" will delete the nearest matching surrounding pair. --> delete "layers "of" quote marks" too: this will delete the nearest previous and following quote marks Trying to delete nonexistent surrounding delimiters prints an error at the bottom bar and does nothing. ================================================================= = 12.6 USING MATCH MODE REPLACE SURROUND = ================================================================= You can replace surrounding pairs of delimiters with the mr command. On the line below, move the cursor to anywhere within the pair of (), for example on the 'x', then in normal mode, press mr([ to replace the pair of () with a pair of []. --> replace the (pair from x within), with something else This command will act on the closest enclosing pair, so you can try replacing different surrounding in the following: --> some (nested surroundings [can be replaced]) --> this "works with 'other surroundings' too" You can try to replace a nonexistent pair: this will show an error warning at the bottom bar and do nothing. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 12 RECAP = ================================================================= You can enter the match mode with the m key; this will show the actions available in a popup. This will allow you to: * jump to matching pair of delimiters with mm (you must have a delimiter belonging to a pair under your cursor) * select inside a pair of delimiters surrounding your cursor (i.e. select the content but not the delimiters) with mi( and similar * select around a pair of delimiters surrounding your cursor (i.e. select the content and the delimiters) with ma( and similar * delete surrounding delimiters with md( and similar * add surrounding delimiters around the selection with ms( * replace a pair of delimiters surrounding your selection with mr([ to replace for example surrounding () with [] ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.1 CREATE NEW SPLIT = ================================================================= In Normal mode, press Ctrl-w to open the Window menu, which displays a list of available commands. To open a new empty buffer in a vertical split on the right half of your current window, use Ctrl-w nv (i.e., press Ctrl and w simultaneously, then press n, followed by v). Your current window will now split in 2 vertically. A new empty buffer split will appear on the right half and your cursor will jump to the new vertical split. To create a new empty buffer in a horizontal split, press Ctrl-w ns. This action divides your current window into two horizontally, creates a new buffer, and moves your cursor to the new horizontal split. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.2 MOVE BETWEEN SPLITS = ================================================================= Use Ctrl-w k to move to the split above your current split. Use Ctrl-w j to move to the split below. Use Ctrl-w h to move to the split on the left and Ctrl-w l to move to the split on the right. To navigate to the next split (in the order they were opened), press Ctrl-w w. You can now do whatever you want in your new buffers and splits. Once you are done with using your new buffer split, you can close it with Ctrl-w q . Move to the bottom right split with Ctrl-w l then Ctrl-w j, then press Ctrl-w q to close this specific split. You can also close all splits except the current one with Ctrl-w o . Open a third vertical split with Ctrl-w nv , then move to the leftmost split with Ctrl-w h twice, then from inside the split on the left press Ctrl-w o to close all except this split. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.3 SPLIT CURRENT BUFFER = ================================================================= Use Ctrl-w s to split the view of the current buffer horizontally and Ctrl-w v to split it vertically with the buffer opened in both splits. Close extra splits with Ctrl-w o to return to a single window view. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.4 USE COMMANDS TO SPLIT = ================================================================= The :vsplit (or :vs for short) and :hsplit (or :hs) commands can also be used to split a specific buffer vertically or horizontally. For example, enter the command: :vs something to open a new vertical split named "something" to the right. Here, "something" is not an existing file, so a new buffer with this name will open; however, you can replace "something" with any file name to open it in a new buffer. Similarly, you can enter the command: :hs some_more to open a new buffer named "some_more" in the lower half. "some_more" could be any file or path to open this specific file or path instead of a new empty buffer. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.5 SWAPPING SPLITS = ================================================================= Open a split on the right with :vs hello1 and then a split below with :hs hello2. From hello2, press Ctrl-w K to swap it with the split above. Now hello2 is at the top while hello1 is at the bottom. Still from hello2, press Ctrl-w H to swap with the split on the left: now hello2 is on the left and the tutor is on the top right. After Ctrl-w you can use HJKL to swap with the buffer on the left / below / above / on the right. Move back to the tutor split, and press Ctrl-w o to only keep this split. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.6 TRANSPOSE SPLITS = ================================================================= Open a split on the right with :vs hello1 and then a split below with :hs hello2. Move to the tutor split, then press Ctrl-w t to transpose the vertical split opened from this window: now, hello1 and hello2 are below, rather than to the right of, the tutor. Press Ctrl-w t again to transpose back. Move to the hello1 split, then press Ctrl-w t to transpose the horizontal split that was opened from this window: now hello2 is on the right, rather than below, hello1. Press Ctrl-w t to transpose back. Move back to the tutor split and press Ctrl-w o to close all but the tutor window. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13.7 OPEN SPLIT FROM FILEPICKER = ================================================================= Splits can also be opened directly from the file picker. Press space f to open the file picker. From there, you can type in text to perform file lookup with fuzzy matching, and use the arrows up and down to move the selected file (indicated by the > symbol). If you want to exit the file picker, press Escape. Select any file you like in the file picker. You could open it in the current view by pressing enter (do not do this at present). But you can also open it in a new split. Press Ctrl-v to open the selected file in a new vertical split. Press space f again, select any file you want, and press Ctrl-s to open it in a horizontal split. Move back to the tutor split, and press Ctrl-w o to close all splits except this one. ================================================================= = CHAPTER 13 RECAP = ================================================================= Splits can be used to display either the same buffer several times or several buffers. To access the main windows and splits commands, press Ctrl-w . You can move between splits with Ctrl-w hjkl , you can close a split with Ctrl-w q , and you can close all but the present split with Ctrl-w o . Splits can also be opened by using the :vs FILENAME and :hs FILENAME commands. Splits can also be used directly from the file pickers, by using Ctrl-v to open the file selected in a new vertical split, and Ctrl-s in a horizontal split. ================================================================= This tutorial is still a work-in-progress. More sections are planned.