fix: strip internal routing headers from dev server responses (#149)
Strip all x-middleware-* prefixed headers from responses in both the
App Router and Pages Router dev servers before sending to clients.
These headers are internal routing signals (x-middleware-next,
x-middleware-rewrite, x-middleware-override-headers, etc.) and should
not be visible to end users.
The prod server already stripped these correctly. This brings the dev
servers into parity.