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The Grails Framework
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<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading from the previous versions</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/profiles.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Application Profiles</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/GORM.html"><strong>7</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>8</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/traits.html"><strong>9</strong><span>Traits</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/REST.html"><strong>10</strong><span>REST</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/async.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Asynchronous Programming</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/validation.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Validation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/services.html"><strong>13</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html"><strong>14</strong><span>Static Type Checking And Compilation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/testing.html"><strong>15</strong><span>Testing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/i18n.html"><strong>16</strong><span>Internationalization</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/security.html"><strong>17</strong><span>Security</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/plugins.html"><strong>18</strong><span>Plugins</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/spring.html"><strong>19</strong><span>Grails and Spring</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/scaffolding.html"><strong>20</strong><span>Scaffolding</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/deployment.html"><strong>21</strong><span>Deployment</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/contributing.html"><strong>22</strong><span>Contributing to Grails</span></a></div>
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<h1>The Grails Framework</h1>
<p><strong>Authors:</strong> The Grails Team</p>
<p><strong>Version:</strong> <span style='width:100px;display:inline-block;'><select onChange='window.document.location.href=this.options[this.selectedIndex].value;'><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/snapshot/guide/single.html'>SNAPSHOT</option><option selected='selected' value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/6.0.0-M2/guide/single.html'>6.0.0-M2</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/6.0.0-M1/guide/single.html'>6.0.0-M1</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.3.2/guide/single.html'>5.3.2</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.3.1/guide/single.html'>5.3.1</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.3.0/guide/single.html'>5.3.0</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.6/guide/single.html'>5.2.6</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.5/guide/single.html'>5.2.5</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.4/guide/single.html'>5.2.4</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.3/guide/single.html'>5.2.3</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.2/guide/single.html'>5.2.2</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.1/guide/single.html'>5.2.1</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.2.0/guide/single.html'>5.2.0</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.10/guide/single.html'>5.1.10</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.9/guide/single.html'>5.1.9</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.8/guide/single.html'>5.1.8</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.7/guide/single.html'>5.1.7</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.6/guide/single.html'>5.1.6</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.5/guide/single.html'>5.1.5</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.4/guide/single.html'>5.1.4</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.3/guide/single.html'>5.1.3</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.2/guide/single.html'>5.1.2</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.1/guide/single.html'>5.1.1</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.1.0/guide/single.html'>5.1.0</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.3/guide/single.html'>5.0.3</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.2/guide/single.html'>5.0.2</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.1/guide/single.html'>5.0.1</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.0/guide/single.html'>5.0.0</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.0.RC2/guide/single.html'>5.0.0.RC2</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.0.RC1/guide/single.html'>5.0.0.RC1</option><option value='https://grails.apache.org/docs/5.0.0.M2/guide/single.html'>5.0.0.M2</option></select></span></p>
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<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNew"><strong>1.1</strong><span>What's new in Grails 5?</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#dependencyUpgrades"><strong>1.1.1</strong><span>Updated Dependencies</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#requirements"><strong>2.1</strong><span>Installation Requirements</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#downloadingAndInstalling"><strong>2.2</strong><span>Downloading and Installing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#creatingAnApplication"><strong>2.3</strong><span>Creating an Application</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#aHelloWorldExample"><strong>2.4</strong><span>A Hello World Example</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#usingInteractiveMode"><strong>2.5</strong><span>Using Interactive Mode</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#ide"><strong>2.6</strong><span>Getting Set Up in an IDE</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#conventionOverConfiguration"><strong>2.7</strong><span>Convention over Configuration</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#runningAndDebuggingAnApplication"><strong>2.8</strong><span>Running and Debugging an Application</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#testingAnApplication"><strong>2.9</strong><span>Testing an Application</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#deployingAnApplication"><strong>2.10</strong><span>Deploying an Application</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#supportedJavaEEContainers"><strong>2.11</strong><span>Supported Java EE Containers</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#creatingArtefacts"><strong>2.12</strong><span>Creating Artefacts</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#generatingAnApplication"><strong>2.13</strong><span>Generating an Application</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading from the previous versions</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgrading40x"><strong>3.1</strong><span>Upgrading from Grails 4 to Grails 5</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgrading33x"><strong>3.2</strong><span>Upgrading from Grails 3.3.x to Grails 4</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#config"><strong>4.1</strong><span>Basic Configuration</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#ymlOptions"><strong>4.1.1</strong><span>Options for the YML format Config</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#builtInOptions"><strong>4.1.2</strong><span>Built in options</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#logging"><strong>4.1.3</strong><span>Logging</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#loggerName"><strong>4.1.3.1</strong><span>Logger Names</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#maskingRequestParametersFromStacktraceLogs"><strong>4.1.3.2</strong><span>Masking Request Parameters From Stacktrace Logs</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#externalLoggingConfiguration"><strong>4.1.3.3</strong><span>External Configuration File</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#configGORM"><strong>4.1.4</strong><span>GORM</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#proxyConfig"><strong>4.1.5</strong><span>Configuring an HTTP proxy</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#applicationClass"><strong>4.2</strong><span>The Application Class</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#executing"><strong>4.2.1</strong><span>Executing the Application Class</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#customizing"><strong>4.2.2</strong><span>Customizing the Application Class</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#applicationLifeCycle"><strong>4.2.3</strong><span>The Application LifeCycle</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#environments"><strong>4.3</strong><span>Environments</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dataSource"><strong>4.4</strong><span>The DataSource</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dataSourcesAndEnvironments"><strong>4.4.1</strong><span>DataSources and Environments</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#automaticDatabaseMigration"><strong>4.4.2</strong><span>Automatic Database Migration</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#transactionAwareDataSourceProxy"><strong>4.4.3</strong><span>Transaction-aware DataSource Proxy</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#databaseConsole"><strong>4.4.4</strong><span>Database Console</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#multipleDatasources"><strong>4.4.5</strong><span>Multiple Datasources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#versioning"><strong>4.5</strong><span>Versioning</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dependencyResolution"><strong>4.6</strong><span>Dependency Resolution</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#interactiveMode"><strong>5.1</strong><span>Interactive Mode</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#creatingCustomScripts"><strong>5.2</strong><span>Creating Custom Scripts</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#creatingCustomCommands"><strong>5.3</strong><span>Creating Custom Commands</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#reusingGrailsScripts"><strong>5.4</strong><span>Re-using Grails scripts</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradleBuild"><strong>5.5</strong><span>Building with Gradle</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradleDependencies"><strong>5.5.1</strong><span>Defining Dependencies with Gradle</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradleTasks"><strong>5.5.2</strong><span>Working with Gradle Tasks</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradlePlugins"><strong>5.5.3</strong><span>Grails plugins for Gradle</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Application Profiles</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#creatingProfiles"><strong>6.1</strong><span>Creating Profiles</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileInheritance"><strong>6.2</strong><span>Profile Inheritance</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#publishingProfiles"><strong>6.3</strong><span>Publishing Profiles</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileStructure"><strong>6.4</strong><span>Understanding Profiles</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileCommands"><strong>6.5</strong><span>Creating Profile Commands</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileFeatures"><strong>6.6</strong><span>Creating Profile Features</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html"><strong>7</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#quickStartGuide"><strong>7.1</strong><span>Quick Start Guide</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#basicCRUD"><strong>7.1.1</strong><span>Basic CRUD</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#furtherReading"><strong>7.2</strong><span>Further Reading on GORM</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>8</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllers"><strong>8.1</strong><span>Controllers</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#understandingControllersAndActions"><strong>8.1.1</strong><span>Understanding Controllers and Actions</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllersAndScopes"><strong>8.1.2</strong><span>Controllers and Scopes</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#modelsAndViews"><strong>8.1.3</strong><span>Models and Views</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#redirectsAndChaining"><strong>8.1.4</strong><span>Redirects and Chaining</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#dataBinding"><strong>8.1.5</strong><span>Data Binding</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#jsonResponses"><strong>8.1.6</strong><span>Responding with JSON</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#moreOnJSONBuilder"><strong>8.1.7</strong><span>More on JSONBuilder</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#xmlResponses"><strong>8.1.8</strong><span>Responding with XML</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#uploadingFiles"><strong>8.1.9</strong><span>Uploading Files</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#commandObjects"><strong>8.1.10</strong><span>Command Objects</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#formtokens"><strong>8.1.11</strong><span>Handling Duplicate Form Submissions</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#typeConverters"><strong>8.1.12</strong><span>Simple Type Converters</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllerExceptionHandling"><strong>8.1.13</strong><span>Declarative Controller Exception Handling</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#gsp"><strong>8.2</strong><span>Groovy Server Pages</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#urlmappings"><strong>8.3</strong><span>URL Mappings</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToControllersAndActions"><strong>8.3.1</strong><span>Mapping to Controllers and Actions</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#restfulMappings"><strong>8.3.2</strong><span>Mapping to REST resources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#redirectMappings"><strong>8.3.3</strong><span>Redirects In URL Mappings</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#embeddedVariables"><strong>8.3.4</strong><span>Embedded Variables</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToViews"><strong>8.3.5</strong><span>Mapping to Views</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToResponseCodes"><strong>8.3.6</strong><span>Mapping to Response Codes</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingHTTP"><strong>8.3.7</strong><span>Mapping to HTTP methods</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingWildcards"><strong>8.3.8</strong><span>Mapping Wildcards</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#automaticLinkRewriting"><strong>8.3.9</strong><span>Automatic Link Re-Writing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#applyingConstraints"><strong>8.3.10</strong><span>Applying Constraints</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namedMappings"><strong>8.3.11</strong><span>Named URL Mappings</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#customizingUrlFormat"><strong>8.3.12</strong><span>Customizing URL Formats</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namespacedControllers"><strong>8.3.13</strong><span>Namespaced Controllers</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#cors"><strong>8.4</strong><span>CORS</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptors"><strong>8.5</strong><span>Interceptors</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#definingInterceptors"><strong>8.5.1</strong><span>Defining Interceptors</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptorMatching"><strong>8.5.2</strong><span>Matching Requests with Interceptors</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptorOrdering"><strong>8.5.3</strong><span>Ordering Interceptor Execution</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#contentNegotiation"><strong>8.6</strong><span>Content Negotiation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/traits.html"><strong>9</strong><span>Traits</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/traits.html#traitsprovided"><strong>9.1</strong><span>Traits Provided by Grails</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/traits.html#example"><strong>9.1.1</strong><span>WebAttributes Trait Example</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/REST.html"><strong>10</strong><span>REST</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#domainResources"><strong>10.1</strong><span>Domain classes as REST resources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#urlMappings"><strong>10.2</strong><span>Mapping to REST resources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#linkingToResources"><strong>10.3</strong><span>Linking to REST resources from GSP pages</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#versioningResources"><strong>10.4</strong><span>Versioning REST resources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#restfulControllers"><strong>10.5</strong><span>Implementing REST controllers</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#extendingRestfulController"><strong>10.5.1</strong><span>Extending the RestfulController super class</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#restControllersStepByStep"><strong>10.5.2</strong><span>Implementing REST Controllers Step by Step</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#generatingRestControllers"><strong>10.5.3</strong><span>Generating a REST controller using scaffolding</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#callingRestServices"><strong>10.6</strong><span>Calling REST Services with HttpClient</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#restProfile"><strong>10.7</strong><span>The REST Profile</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#angularJsProfile"><strong>10.8</strong><span>The AngularJS Profile</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#angularProfile"><strong>10.9</strong><span>The Angular Profile</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#jsonViews"><strong>10.10</strong><span>JSON Views</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#jsonViewsSetup"><strong>10.10.1</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#jsonViewsCreating"><strong>10.10.2</strong><span>Creating JSON Views</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#jsonViewsAndTemplates"><strong>10.10.3</strong><span>JSON View Templates</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#jsonViewsAndDomainClasses"><strong>10.10.4</strong><span>Rendering Domain Classes with JSON Views</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#jsonViewsTemplatesAndConventions"><strong>10.10.5</strong><span>JSON Views by Convention</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#renderers"><strong>10.11</strong><span>Customizing Response Rendering</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#defaultRenderers"><strong>10.11.1</strong><span>Customizing the Default Renderers</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#customRenderers"><strong>10.11.2</strong><span>Implementing a Custom Renderer</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#gspRenderers"><strong>10.11.3</strong><span>Using GSP to Customize Rendering</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#hypermedia"><strong>10.12</strong><span>Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#hal"><strong>10.12.1</strong><span>HAL Support</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#atom"><strong>10.12.2</strong><span>Atom Support</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#vndError"><strong>10.12.3</strong><span>Vnd.Error Support</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#binding"><strong>10.13</strong><span>Customizing Binding of Resources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/REST.html#RSSAndAtom"><strong>10.14</strong><span>RSS and Atom</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/async.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Asynchronous Programming</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/validation.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Validation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#constraints"><strong>12.1</strong><span>Declaring Constraints</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validatingConstraints"><strong>12.2</strong><span>Validating Constraints</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#sharingConstraints"><strong>12.3</strong><span>Sharing Constraints Between Classes</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationOnTheClient"><strong>12.4</strong><span>Validation on the Client</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationAndInternationalization"><strong>12.5</strong><span>Validation and Internationalization</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationNonDomainAndCommandObjectClasses"><strong>12.6</strong><span>Applying Validation to Other Classes</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/services.html"><strong>13</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#declarativeTransactions"><strong>13.1</strong><span>Declarative Transactions</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/services.html#transactionsMultiDataSource"><strong>13.1.1</strong><span>Transactions and Multi-DataSources</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/services.html#transactionsRollbackAndTheSession"><strong>13.1.2</strong><span>Transactions Rollback and the Session</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#scopedServices"><strong>13.2</strong><span>Scoped Services</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#dependencyInjectionServices"><strong>13.3</strong><span>Dependency Injection and Services</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html"><strong>14</strong><span>Static Type Checking And Compilation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html#grailsCompileStatic"><strong>14.1</strong><span>The GrailsCompileStatic Annotation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html#grailsTypeChecked"><strong>14.2</strong><span>The GrailsTypeChecked Annotation</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/testing.html"><strong>15</strong><span>Testing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTesting"><strong>15.1</strong><span>Unit Testing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#integrationTesting"><strong>15.2</strong><span>Integration Testing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#functionalTesting"><strong>15.3</strong><span>Functional Testing</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html"><strong>16</strong><span>Internationalization</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#understandingMessageBundles"><strong>16.1</strong><span>Understanding Message Bundles</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#changingLocales"><strong>16.2</strong><span>Changing Locales</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#readingMessages"><strong>16.3</strong><span>Reading Messages</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#scaffoldingAndI18n"><strong>16.4</strong><span>Scaffolding and i18n</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/security.html"><strong>17</strong><span>Security</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#securingAgainstAttacks"><strong>17.1</strong><span>Securing Against Attacks</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#xssPrevention"><strong>17.2</strong><span>Cross Site Scripting (XSS) Prevention</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#codecs"><strong>17.3</strong><span>Encoding and Decoding Objects</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#authentication"><strong>17.4</strong><span>Authentication</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#securityPlugins"><strong>17.5</strong><span>Security Plugins</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/security.html#springSecurity"><strong>17.5.1</strong><span>Spring Security</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html"><strong>18</strong><span>Plugins</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#creatingAndInstallingPlugins"><strong>18.1</strong><span>Creating and Installing Plugins</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#repositories"><strong>18.2</strong><span>Plugin Repositories</span></a></div>
<div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#providingBasicArtefacts"><strong>18.3</strong><span>Providing Basic Artefacts</span></a></div>
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